There was no hesitation to learn from the experiences of other nations, hence, the Indian Constitution has various features that are borrowed from other nations.

It lasted till 15th August 1947 when India became independent and was partitioned into India and Pakistan.

This Interim Government was formed from the Constituent Assembly which was elected in August 1946.

Following chapter talks about the charter acts, it's features and it's impact.

He invaded India and occupied the territories in the North-Western Frontier Province, Sind and Punjab in 516 B.C.

These parts remained with the Iranian Empire till Alexander’s invasion of India.

It was the period when 'janapadas' grew in size and became involved in territorial expansion, resulting in the development of 'Mahajanapadas.' In the sixth century BC, the usage of iron provided material benefits in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

In the Magadha area of eastern India, the Nandas destroyed the Shishunaga dynasty and expanded their dominion to cover a bigger section of northern India.

The names of the Nanda monarchs and the length of their reign vary greatly according to ancient accounts.

The word Gana also means numbers and Ganarajya, therefore, means the rule of numbers or the rule of many. The Dharma Sutras and Dharma Shastras contain frequent references to Gana that seems to denote town or village corporations.

By the 6th century BCE, there were approximately 22 different Janapadas. Socio-economic developments chiefly due to the use of iron tools in agriculture and military, along with religious and political developments led to the rise of the Mahajanapadas from small kingdoms or Janapadas.

The literature had grown in the course of many centuries and was handed down from generation to generation by word of mouth which also called shruti.

Our scriptures cherish faith and belief in re-birth. Through Sanskar, Shudhi (purification) of Jeev (soul) is performed through all three types (Adhyatmik-Aadhibhautik- Aadhideivik).

Our scriptures consider the human birth as eligible for Moksha-Mukti, it can uplift itself by becoming Dosh0Mukta through Sanskar.

By performing Sanskars in every stage of human life, a Jeev can get rid of and can purify itself from all types of impurities carried with itself of all previous births and lives while passing through eighty four lakh yonis.

Sanskars has been considered as an essential rule for the human being and so it is mandatory to observe this rule.

#pilotrun

The Early Vedic polity was tribal in nature because Vedic Aryans were living in small tribal groups. The tribal chiefs were responsible for politico-administrative matters.

#pilotrun

The original homeland of the Aryans is a matter of debate with different experts suggesting different regions from where they originated.

Some say they came from the area around the Caspian Sea in Central Asia.

The Vedic Age started with the Aryan occupation of the Indo-Gangetic Plains.

Meaning of the word Arya: Noble.

They spoke Sanskrit, an Indo-European language.

They led a rural, semi-nomadic life as compared to the Indus Valley people who were urbanised.

It is believed that they entered India through the Khyber Pass.

#pilotrun

The decline probably occurred in several stages, perhaps over a century or more: the period between about 2000 and 1750 bce is a reasonable estimation.

#pilotrun

They tell the story from ancient Indus valley civilisation to the British raj.They narrate the story of evolution.

In the second half of the third millenium BCE,one of the earliest civilisation of the world blossomed on the banks of the river Indus.It was thus named as Indus valley civilisation or Harappan civilisation.Harappan because,Harappa was the first excavated site.

The worship of Siva is suggested by the discovery of figure of a deity with three faces, with horned head dress, seating cross-legged in a Yogic posture, surrounded by animals like buffalo, rhinoceros, deer, tiger, etc. Two more figures representing Siva have been unearthed also.

#pilotrun

The remarkable uniformity of weights and measures throughout the Indus lands, as well as the development of such presumably civic works as the great granaries, implies a strong degree of political and administrative control over a wide area.

.a) The Great Bath: It is one of the largest public buildings at Mohenjodaro. It measured twelve metres long, seven metres broad and 2.5 metres deep.

b) Granaries: Evidence of several granaries, massive buildings with solid brick foundations and sockets for wooden superstructures have been found in excavations of Harappa, Mohenjodaro, and Rakhigarhi.

All the granaries were built close to the river bank so that with the help of boats, grains could be easily transported.

#pilotrun

The following features were part of Harappan towns:

• Proper urban planning with well laid out roads, streets were designed in a grid-pattern layout and drainage system

• Harappa had a citadel situated on mud-brick platforms.

• Harappan towns were known for the lack of stone buildings, instead their urban centres were built using burnt bricks as the standard material

• Underground drainage system was covered with stone slabs or bricks

#pilotrun

It started declining around 1900 BC and disappeared around 1400 BC. This is also called Harappan Civilization after the first city to be excavated, Harappa in present day Punjab, Pakistan.

#pilotrun

These travellers left several accounts of the events they witnessed. Because these foreign travellers owed no allegiance to any of the region's kings, their accounts are neutral and give firsthand knowledge on the themes they discussed.

The invasion of Alexander offered a route to India for different Greek and Roman explorers and travellers.

#pilotrun

Indian literature includes everything that can be included under”literature” broadly- religious and mundane, epic and lyrics, dramatic and didactic poetry, narrative and scientific prose along with oral poetry and song.

#pilotrun

The Puranic and Epic literature are considered as history by Indians, but it contains no definite dates for events and kingdoms.

The effort of history writing was shown by a large number of inscriptions, coins, and local chronicles. The principles of history are preserved in the Puranas and Epics.

The Puranas and epics narrate the genealogies of kings and their achievements. But they are not arranged in a chronological order.

The Vedic literature contains mainly the four Vedas i.e. Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvanaveda.

#pilotrun

The history of India is one punctuated by constant integration with migrating peoples and with the diverse cultures that surround India. Placed in the center of Asia, history in India is a crossroads of cultures from China to Europe, and the most significant Asian connection with the cultures of Africa.

India's history is more than just a set of unique developments in a definable process; it is, in many ways, a microcosm of human history itself, a diversity of cultures all impinging on a great people and being reforged into new, syncretic forms.

#pilotrun